Integrity Legal

Recently, this author was asked about whether or not Thailand and the USA share an extradition Treaty and, if so, what are the ramifications of an American criminal warrant or conviction for those living in Thailand.

Extradition, “is the official process whereby one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal.”

Thailand and the United States currently have an Extradition Treaty. It is similar to the US-Thai Amity Treaty in that it is bilateral, but the subject matter of the Amity Treaty is very different compared to that of an Extradition Treaty. An Extradition Treaty provides a framework whereby the United States authorities can request that a suspect be handed over to the American authorities. That being said, for more information on specific legal citations please see the relevant Wikipedia page.

As Thailand and the United States share an Extradition Treaty, a person with American Criminal Warrants or American Arrest Warrants could be subjected to United States jurisdiction while in Thailand or while traveling between Thailand and another country. Even if not arrested in Thailand, it is always wise for those with criminal warrants or convictions to deal with the matter so that it can be “put to rest.” It is never wise to run from one’s criminal problems.

For those with a prior criminal conviction or pending criminal warrants the issue of passport re-issuance can be critical. The United States Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand and the United States Consulate-General in Chiang Mai assist with new passport re-issuance through their American Citizen Services Sections. If one is currently wanted in a US jurisdiction, then the Consular Officers at American Citizen Services are unlikely to issue a new passport or travel document until the American (or foreign national)  in question returns to the United States to deal with the pending matter.

Of further importance to many non-US Citizens with pending American criminal warrants is the effect of criminal proceedings upon one’s ability to acquire United States Immigration benefits (most importantly, a US visa). If one has an arrest or conviction for domestic violence, this fact could have a major impact upon one’s ability to petition for a K1 visa due to the provisions in the Adam Walsh Act and other relevant US law. Further, if one has a criminal conviction in the US, the underlying facts of the case could lead to a later finding of inadmissibility by a Consular Officer adjudicating a later visa application. In some cases, an I601 waiver may be available for those who are found to be inadmissible. Consulting with an attorney experienced in Immigration matters could provide insight regarding the Immigration ramifications of an American criminal conviction.

An American attorney in Thailand (or southeast Asia) could be of assistance to a client by acting as a liaison with American authorities or with other American attorneys. Simply providing legal advice regarding the impact of one’s prior choices could be a boon to some as well. No attorney can assist in evading US law, but a lawyer licensed in the United States could assist by providing legal counsel and advice regarding the ramifications of a client’s previous decisions.

Living in Thailand is a dream of many, but the logistical difficulty of remaining in the Kingdom long term can be confusing to some. For those living or residing long term in Thailand there are some obstacles which must be overcome in order for a foreign national to unilaterally deal with personal business issues in the Kingdom. Most important for those staying in Thailand is Immigration status. One must remain in lawful status while in the Kingdom. This can be difficult for those who initially entered the Kingdom on a Thailand visa exemption. A Thai visa exemption only allows lawful status for a period of 30 days and it is very difficult to have this document converted into a proper visa. After conversion it may be even more difficult to have the newly acquired visa extended. Therefore, having a proper long term visa on arrival may be the best course of action for the new expatriate.

Bank Accounts are another major issue for those living in Thailand. Thai bank accounts can be difficult to open for those who do not have a valid Thai visa and work permit. Many Thai banks have different rules on this issue, but at the time of this writing, the prevailing rule seems to be that one needs a Thai work permit and visa in order to open a bank account. There are some who have noted that one may have less difficulty opening a Thai bank account if one has already obtained a Thai business visa and remains in lawful status on said visa. In certain situations, it may be possible for a foreign national to open a Thai bank account without a Thai work permit, but one should consult an attorney in Thailand regarding bank account setups without a work permit.

Mortgages are also an issue for foreign nationals wishing to remain for an extended duration in the Kingdom of Thailand. Thai banks are very reluctant to loan money to non-Thais. Therefore, a foreign national may find that it is very difficult to receive financing for an abode in Thailand. An ancillary issue is that of house registration, many foreigners find it is very difficult to obtain a foreign Tambien Baan (House Registration Booklet, also spelled Tabien Baan) from the local Amphur Office (Civil Registrar’s office). In the case of Thai mortgages, the foreigner’s financial situation will likely be the determining factor in actually obtaining a mortgage. As to the House Registration, success in this endeavor may hinge upon retaining a Thai lawyer.

Work Permits can be a major issue for those engaging in non-recreational activity in Thailand. Thaivisa. com is reporting that some of those involved with the King’s Cup Regatta were worried that the Ministry of Labour and the Royal Thai Immigration Police may crackdown on foreigners participating in the Regatta. The reason for the possible crackdown was supposedly to be due to unsanctioned employment-like activity. Fortunately, as Thaivisa.com is reporting, rumors of a crackdown are unfounded as authorities have stated that no sailors will be detained for work permit violations connected with the event.

Quoting Thaivisa.com:

Rumors of an imminent crackdown on foreign sailors taking part in the King’s Cup Regatta over work permit violations are untrue, the head of Phuket Immigration has confirmed. A thread on the popular Thai Visa web forum yesterday started with the post:  ’Latest from Phuket Town… raiding King’s Cup regatta tomorrow for professional sailors without work permits….’ As Immigration Police would have to play a role in any such crackdown, the Gazette contacted Phuket Immigration Police Superintendent Col Chanatpol Yongbunjerd to see if the rumor was true; it wasn’t, and isn’t. ‘I guarantee that such arrests won’t happen,’ he said.”

Although it may seem trivial, some officials take work permit violations very seriously. As a result, some activities which foreigners consider to be “non-employment,” are used as a basis for fining or detaining individuals in the Kingdom for violations of Thai Labor law.

Immediately following the relatively recent Tsunami in Southern Thailand, many volunteers arrived to assist in relief efforts. Some of these volunteers were disturbed to be informed by Thai authorities that they were in violation of Thai labor regulations. To quote Thailandqa.com:

“‘More than 1,000 foreign volunteers from about 25 countries helping tsunami survivors rebuild shattered lives were outraged yesterday to hear they face legal action by the Labour Ministry unless they have a work permit. Sombat Boonngam-anong, director of the Chiang Rai-based Krajok Ngao Foundation, said confusion and anger reigned among the foreign volunteers at Khao Lak in Phangnga’s Takua Pa district when a Labour Ministry official told a local English-language newspaper that they were required to register with the ministry for a work permit otherwise legal action would be taken against them starting March 1.’ — Bangkok Post, 2nd March 2005, PENCHAN CHAROENSUTHIPAN”

Normally, in order for a foreign national to obtain a Thai work permit the applicant must also present a validly issued Thai visa. Many Thailand visa categories enable the bearer to apply for a work permit. However, the most optimal visa category to support a work permit is the business visa. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to obtain a Thai business visa from a Thailand Embassy or Consulate abroad and therefore many opt to stay in Thailand on tourist visas or exemption stamps. Neither of these documents, on their own, can be used as a basis for submitting a Thai work permit application. Therefore, those wishing to work in the Kingdom should seriously consider applying for a proper visa prior to arrival.

Although the weather is still tropical, albeit cooler, it is the western holiday season in Bangkok, Thailand. This means that the United States Embassy, as well as other government agencies, sees many of their personnel taking leave in order to visit family and friends in the United States of America. This time of year can sometimes cause delays for visa applications, particularly those that are subject to a 221g refusal or have been placed in administrative processing for further review.

Around the American holiday season it is common for Embassy and Consulate staff to take leave in order to return to the United States of America to be with friends or loved ones. This can cause the usual tempo of the post to slow down. As with any organization be it private, non-profit, for-profit, or governmental the holidays can cause delays due to staff shortages. Those with pending visa applications should exercise patience regarding case adjudication during the holidays. That being said, Embassy and Consulate personnel are very diligent in processing cases and, from this author’s observation, really go above and beyond at holiday time to try to keep the process moving at the usual pace.

In order to forestall delays in the processing of US visas it is incumbent upon the applicant to provide all relevant documentation and provide completed visa application forms.

It is wise for applicants to also keep in mind that the United States Embassy is closed on Thai holidays as well as official United States holidays. Many forget this fact and arrive at the Embassy to find it closed. For those in this situation it is wise to note the US Embassy Holiday closing schedule. American Citizens seeking to obtain notarizations, Consular Reports of Birth Abroad, visa pages, or new passports should also note that the American Citizen Services section of the US Embassy is also closed on Thai holidays as well as American holidays. The US Consulate in Chiang Mai has the same holiday schedule as the US Embassy in Bangkok. One would be safe in assuming that the Bangkok office of the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) would be closed on the same days as the US Embassy regardless of the fact that they are two separate United States government agencies.

As with many issues arising in the field of United States Immigration: prior preparation through knowledge of the Embassy closure as well as presentation of a fully compiled visa application can save time for all concerned and go far toward ensuring efficient visa application processing.

Prenuptial Agreements are important instruments both for asset protection and for litigation avoidance. For those who wish to execute a prenuptial agreement in Thailand, the advice of a competent licensed attorney is highly recommended.

Many who are in the process of getting married do not wish to discuss the prospect of a possible marital dissolution. This attitude is similar to those who do not wish to discuss estate planning or Wills because they do not wish to think of their own death. Although an understandable feeling, often dealing with such issues in an open and reasonable manner can put all parties at ease. With regard to prenuptial agreements, there are some formalities which must be dealt with after the marriage has been registered.

For those with a retirement or pension plan, the effects of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) can have a major impact upon the Thai Prenuptial Agreement process. As mentioned previously on this blog, and elsewhere, prenuptial agreements need to be properly drafted by a competent attorney. Also, the Thai fiancee signing the agreement should be provided with independent counsel in order to ask questions about the agreement and have all rights, obligations, waivers, and entitlements explained in layman’s terms. Further, if the Thai fiancee is not a native English speaker, then it may be advisable to have a Thai interpreter assist in advising her as to her rights.

That being said, ERISA requires that a further waiver be signed after the marriage is registered or executed. This is due to the fact that only a spouse is entitled to waive rights delegated under ERISA. As ERISA is Federal law it trumps state law pursuant to, among other things, the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. Those with a pension or retirement plan covered under ERISA, should seek experienced legal counsel to explain how their interests can be protected in a prenuptial agreement. Fortunately, their are ERISA waivers which allow the parties to make individualized provisions as to the distribution of pension funds in the event of marital dissolution. That being said, attorney consultation is highly recommended as ERISA can be a very complicated area of law.

As with any premarital agreement, a Thai prenuptial agreement should be signed prior to the marriage. However, Thai prenuptial agreements are registered at the same time as the Thai marriage registration. Therefore, it may be possible to execute an ERISA waiver soon after marriage registration in Thailand.

The United States Department of State is tasked with overseeing the efficient operation of US Embassies and Consulates abroad. Often, State Department headquarters issues instructions to posts abroad using official cables. In US Immigration circles there is a well known cable called “99 State,” otherwise known as 99 State 21138. This cable lays out guidelines for Consular Officers with regard to United States Immigration Attorneys.

The first notable policy outlined in the Cable deals with the relationship between Immigration attorneys and Consular Officers:

“The relationship between consular officers and immigration attorneys can be productive. Consular officers can often learn a great deal from a conscientious attorney, and vice versa.”

There is no doubt in this author’s mind that this is true. Consular officers provide a great deal of assistance when processing visa applications. More than anything, they can provide insight into the underlying policy reasons behind failure to issue a visa. In many cases, the reason for delay is due to a failure to provide pertinent information that the client did not believe was necessary to adjudicate the petition.

The Cable goes further:

“Consular officers should not pass judgment on applicants who choose to employ the services of an attorney. Some people are more comfortable working through an attorney no matter how straightforward or simple the visa case may appear to the consular officer.”

This is one section of the cable that Consular Officers seem to have taken to heart. This author has never felt that Consular Officers look askance at applications where the petitioner or beneficiary has retained an attorney to assist in preparation. With regard to case preparation, the Cable goes further:

“One important service that attorneys provide to their clients is making sure that forms are correctly completed and necessary supporting documentation presented at the time of the interview.”

Consular Officers are required to adjudicate petitions and, if the petitions receive approval, issue visas. In this author’s experience their primary goal seems to be efficient processing of bona fide petitions. Immigration attorneys can enhance the process through documentation compilation and foreknowledge of relevant issues. Those issues that may effect the outcome of a case can be dealt with in such a way that case processing proceeds smoothly. In many ways the Consulate forestalls unforeseen delays through promulgation of consistent rules:

“Posts that establish clear and consistent procedures for responding to attorney inquiries save time and resources in the long run. As with Congressional correspondence, the fuller the explanation of a refusal or a 221(g) decision, the more you will help yourself.”

It has been this author’s experience that Consular staff are very upfront about what they are seeking in a given case. Further, the role of an attorney is clearly defined by the US Embassy Thailand as no one is allowed to be present during the visa interview, this includes American fiances and husbands in K1 visa and K3 visa cases. This being said, attorneys are currently permitted to submit 221(g) follow-up documentation where necessary.

In the years since the distribution of “99 State,” it is this author’s opinion that Consular Officer-Immigration attorney relations are professional, efficient, and cordial and there is no reason to believe that this will not continue to be the case.

There are many who dream of retiring in beautiful Thailand with its sunny skies, temperate climate and beautiful beaches. For many, retirement in Thailand is akin to retirement in paradise, but under Thai immigration rules, “retirement,” does not begin until an individual reaches fifty years of age. Recently, this author has been questioned by many regarding the age requirement of the Thai retirement visa. In many western countries “early retirement,” is a common occurrence. In Thailand, this is not so common and the Thai Immigration regulations reflect this cultural difference. Fortunately, there are alternatives to the retirement visa that can be used in a similar manner.

Many people in their late forties go into retirement or semi-retirement in Thailand. The benefit of a retirement visa from the standpoint of some is the fact that this visa does not require regular “border runs” or “visa runs.” This is mostly due to the fact that Thai retirement visas are similar to Thai visa extensions. When one is granted a visa extension in Thailand, the person is allowed to remain in the Kingdom for the uninterrupted period noted in their passport. Therefore, if one is granted a 1 year extension, then that individual may remain in Thailand for an entire year without leaving. The visa holder must check in with Royal Thai Immigration once every 90 days, but otherwise there are no further requirements.

For those under 50 wishing to remain in Thailand, obtaining a visa extension can be very difficult. For the Business visa holder, one must have a valid work permit as well as a sponsoring company in order to be granted a visa extension. An O visa holder must have a bona fide reason for extending the underlying visa. In many cases, showing kinship with a Thai national is enough to get a Thai visa extension. However, this does not guarantee extension application approval. As extensions can be difficult, many look to the retirement visa as a way of remaining in the Kingdom. However, there are no exceptions to the age requirement and therefore pursuing such a visa would be futile for someone under 50.

In many ways, a Thai business visa is a superior travel document as it is more flexible than the retirement visa because it does not “pigeon hole” the visa holder into only one activity. There is no prohibition on Business visa recipient’s remaining in the Kingdom unemployed. Instead, the visa holder need simply maintain lawful status and avoid becoming a ward of the state. If these requirements are met, then the business visa holder can remain in the Kingdom long term.

There is some misunderstanding as to an attorney’s role at the Consular processing phase of the US visa process. The Consular processing phase is usually the final visa processing phase as it usually culminates in the issuance of a US visa. In cases involving legal grounds of inadmissibility this may not be the case (as such cases require the extra step of obtaining an I601 waiver), but in a routine family visa application, such as an application for a CR1, K3, or K1 visa, the visa is generally issued soon after the Embassy interview.

Many are under the mistaken impression that an attorney can be present at the visa interview. Although this may be true at some posts, the US Embassy in Bangkok does not permit this practice. Under the provisions of the Foreign Affairs Manual (FAM), US Embassies and Consulates are entitled to set policy regarding attorney representation at the post:

“Each post has the discretion to establish its own policies regarding the extent to which attorneys and other representatives may have physical access to the Consulate or attend visa interviews, taking into consideration such factors as a particular consulate’s physical layout and any space limitations or special security concerns. Whatever policies are set must be consistent and applied equally to all.” [9 FAM 40.4 N12.4]

Although a post has wide discretion with regard to presence therein, the post is required to notify the attorney of record regarding the ultimate status of the application:

“The post must send a notification of the action taken at the time of the final immigrant visa appointment to the applicant’s attorney of record on a locally reproduced nonstandard form letter… If the immigrant visa is refused, you must hand a copy of the refusal letter, and a copy of Form OF-194, The Foreign Service of the United States of America Refusal Worksheet, attached to the form letter to the alien (making sure that the refusal worksheet is retained in the applicant’s visa file).” [9 FAM 40.4 N12.2]

The Foreign Affairs manual goes further by permitting direct correspondence between attorneys and Consular Officers:

“You may correspond directly with the applicant’s representative of record, even in cases where the applicant is physically present in the United States, unless the applicant requests otherwise.” [9 FAM 40.4 N12.1]

Importantly, the Foreign Affairs Manual requires that an attorney licensed in the US, but practicing abroad, be accorded those same courtesies granted to attorneys practicing in the USA:

“You must extend to a U.S. attorney who has been practicing abroad and is a member of a State bar association or to a local attorney-at-law, the same courtesies in correspondence that are extended to an attorney practicing in the United States…” [9 FAM 40.4 N12.3]

In this author’s experience, the US Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand diligently adheres to the rules in the Foreign Affairs Manual while exercising reasonable discretion in order to efficiently process a very large caseload. Although not permitted to be present at the visa interview, a US visa lawyer in Thailand can provide a great deal of insight into the final phases of the US visa process.

For more information on the Foreign Affairs Manual please see the US Department of State Website by clicking here.

The United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) routinely issues updates regarding the processing time estimates for cases submitted at USCIS Service Centers in the United States of America. Since this website is dedicated to United States Family visas such as the CR1 visa, IR1 visa, K1 visa, and K3 visa; we have only displayed the processing times for the service centers which process these applications. For more information please see the new USCIS website.

The following are the processing times for the USCIS California Service Center as of September 30, 2009:

The following are the processing times for the USCIS Vermont Service Center as of September 30, 2009:

It should be noted that these processing times are only estimates and every Immigration petition is unique in that it processes at its own pace. Further, these processing times are only relevant with regard to USCIS. The US Embassy in Bangkok and the US Consulate in Chiang Mai process applications after they have received USCIS pre-approval.

The Department of Homeland Security is a vast bureaucracy with many different components. The Ombudsman’s office can be very helpful for those who have had a file go missing or otherwise need assistance in dealing with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS). Recently, Secretary Napolitano of Homeland Security appointed a new Ombudsman. The American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA), noted the appointment in a recent press release:

“In a message to employees yesterday afternoon, Secretary Napolitano announced the appointment of January Contreras as Citizenship and Immigration Services (CIS) Ombudsman for the Department of Homeland Security.”

Secretary Napolitano was quoted as saying that the new Ombudsman has “valuable experience,” which will assist in her future endeavors. To further quote the above press release:

“Ms. Contreras previously served as a Senior Advisor to Secretary Napolitano, where she helped lead the Department’s response to the H1N1 flu and oversaw Department initiatives for the White House Council on Women and Girls. She formerly led the Arizona Department of Health Services, managing nearly 2,000 employees and overseeing the state’s public health and behavioral health systems. In addition, she has 10 years of experience in litigation and policy including health and its interaction with immigration policy and legislation.”

The aforementioned press release also noted the exact nature of the USCIS Ombudsman’s role:

“The CIS Ombudsman provides independent analysis of problems encountered by individuals and employers interacting with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, and proposes changes to mitigate those problems.”

Contacting the USCIS Ombudsman’s office can be very beneficial for those with a pending K1 visa or K3 visa application. However, the office should not be contacted simply to request information regarding the status of a pending case as the USCIS website is probably the more appropriate place to seek this information.

This author hopes that the appointment of this new Ombudsman will further protect the interests of those processing their application with USCIS. With that in mind, in recent months the USCIS Service Centers seem to be processing applications with a great deal of efficiency and there does not appear to be any reason to believe that this will not continue in the future. It should be noted that the Ombdsman does not oversee the administration of the US Embassy Thailand. The Department of Homeland Security and the Department of State (the agency with jurisdiction over US Embassies and Consulates, like the US Consulate in Chiang Mai) are two separate agencies and their staff do not generally have overlapping jurisdiction. For issues concerning the Embassy it is usually best to contact the Embassy directly.